Sample Questions as Study Guides for Biology 11 Final, Spring 2003
Russell Jones Question-Please (ignore numbers attached to each question.
They are left to mark where one questions begins and ends)
24. Diagram anaphase of mitosis, meiosis I and meiosis II and describe how these phases of cell division are different and how they are the same.
28. Photosynthesis consists of reactions that can be categorized as "light" and "dark" reactions.
a. Where in the cells of prokaryotes and eukaryotes do these reactions occur? Illustrate your answer with a diagram a diagram. (2 pts)
b. What are the principal products of the light and dark reactions? (2 pts)
29. While preparing vegetables for cooking you notice the following:
a. They decrease in weight when you add salt
b. There is no noticeable change in weight when you add water. How can you explain your observations? (3 pts)
30. Explain how the process of cytokinesis occurs in plant and animal cells. Use diagrams to illustrate your answer. (3 pts)
31. When during the cell cycle do nuclear division, cytokinesis and DNA synthesis occur? Use a diagram to explain your answer. (3 pts)
32. The character for stem height in peas is encoded by the tall (T) gene. You have been given a population of tall peas but you do not know whether they are homozygous or heterozygous for this gene. Describe an experiment that permits you to establish whether these plants are heterozygous or homozygous for this gene. (4 pts)
33. The characters for pea seed shape and color are located on different chromosomes but the characters for leaf shape and leaf hairiness are on the same chromosome. Do these FOUR characters for seed and leaf character sort independently during pollen and egg formation? Illustrate your answer with a diagram of metaphase I of meiosis. (4 pts)
34. Describe the experiment conducted by Wendell Stanley at Berkeley in the 1950s that showed that tobacco mosaic virus carried/contained genetic information. What was the chemical nature of the genetic material in TMV? What is the relationship between smoking in humans and the transmission of TMV? (2 pts)
35. What are Chargaff’s Rules and what were their implications for the structure of DNA? Explain how the Watson and Crick model for DNA satisfied Chargaff’s Rules. (2 pts)
36. What is meant by the terms transcription and translation in the context of the Central Dogma of molecular biology. (1 pt)
37. Given the following sequence of bases in a portion of a mouse structural gene (the DNA), write the anticodons of the three tRNAs that would recognize this sequence and specify the amino acids that would be inserted into the protein product of the gene: (2 pts)
DNA sequence specifying the codes for 3 amino acids:...ACT/TGC/AAG
38. a. Use a drawing to show the structure of the sieve tube members of plant cells. (2 pts)
b. What function do these cells play? (1 pt)
c. Describe three ways in which sieve tube members differ from vessels. ( 1pt)
39. Explain by referring to their life cycles why ferns are not as successful as gymnosperms in their colonization of land? (3 pts)
40. Match the organelles listed below with their function (4 pts)
1 Endoplasmic reticulum a. Synthesizes Secretory Proteins
2 Golgi apparatus……….. b. Participates in Cell Death
3 Centriole……….. c. Carries out Eelectron Transport
4 Kinetochore…………… d. Attachment Point for Microtubules
5 Mitochondrion………… e. Organizes the Spindle Apparatus
6 Lysosome/Vacuole………… f. Makes Secretory Vesicles
7 Nucleolus………… g. Move Chromosomes
8 Microtubules………. h. Assembles Ribosomes
41. Define the following terms: (2.5 pts)
a. Restriction Enzyme
b. Plasmid
c. PCR
d. Bacterial transformation
e. Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP)
5. a. Name the three primary tissue systems of vascular plants. (1 pt.)
b. Name the two specialized cells types involved in water transport up the shoot and in transport of sugars and other organic materials both up and down the shoot. (1 pt.)
c. Which tissue system gives rise to these cells?(1 pt.)
d. Plants are capable of indeterminate growth. Which feature of a plant's anatomy allows this growth pattern? (1 pt.)
6. Multicellular organisms are thought to have appeared on earth about 600 MYA. Why is multicellularity thought to have evolved? You may wish to use mathematical expressions to illustrate your answer. (2 pts.)
7. Plants and Fungi are multicellular organisms with cell walls. Why are they classified into two separate Kingdoms? (3 pts.)
8. Bryophytes and ferns are both diverse groups of land plants. Why are most ferns, but not bryophytes, relatively large organisms and widely distributed in different environments? (3 pts.)
9. a. How do angiosperms carry out sexual reproduction? (2 pts.)
b. What is meant by double fertilization? Name the products of double fertilization. (2 pts.)
1. a. What is meant by the Endosymbiont Hypothesis? Illustrate your answer with a diagram. (4 points)
b. Match the organelles in the list below with their known cellular function. (5 points):
Golgi apparatus Protein synthesis
Endoplasmic reticulum Cell death
Spindle apparatus Storage
Lysosome Secretion
Vacuole Chromosome movement
2. Match the plants listed below with the group to which they belong: These plants may belong to more than one group. (8 points)
Land Plants Vascular Plants Non-Vascular Plants Seed Plants Flowering Plants
Mosses
Liverworts
Whisk ferns
Horsetails
Cycads
Conifers
Monocots
Dicots
3. List the six Kingdoms of living organisms. Indicate which kingdoms belong to the group of prokaryotic organisms and which belong to the eukaryotic group (3 points).
4. Which kingdom of living organisms is thought to be the biggest contributor to carbon fixation and oxygen production? (2 points)
6. What is a meristem? Name the types of meristems found in plants. (3 points)
7. Draw a cross section of an angiosperm leaf and label the tissues. (6 points)
8. Define the following terms (8 points):
Wood
Bark
Cork
Vascular bundle
Growth ring
Hardwood
Heart wood
Pith
9. Diagram the cell types through which water travels upwards in plants. What is the tissue that these cells comprise called (3 points)
10. Why does the mode of sexual reproduction in ferns limit the likelihood that these organisms will evolve rapidly (3 points)?
11. (6 points)
a. What is meant by double fertilization?
b. What are the products of this process?
c. In which group of organisms does double fertilization occur?
d. The products of meiosis in animals are gametes. What are the products of meiosis in plants called?
12. Draw a flower and label the parts. (4 points)
13. a. What is an enzyme? (2 points)
b. Use a diagram to illustrate how an enzyme acts to catalyze a biochemical reaction (4 points).
14. What conclusion did van Helmont draw when he grew a 5 lb tree in 200 lbs of soil and discover that after 5 years, the tree weighed 169 lbs but the soil lost only 2 oz (3 points).
15. (8 points)
a. What compounds are produced during the light reactions of photosynthesis?
b. What were the contributions of Robin Hill to our understanding of photosynthesis?
c. Where do the light reactions of photosynthesis occur in plants?
d. How are the products of the light reactions of photosynthesis used by the cell?
16. a. Name the most abundant enzyme in the biosphere and indicate the reaction it catalyzes. (2 points)
b. Where does this enzyme occur? (2 points)?
17. a. Why do cells carry out cellular respiration? (2 points)
b. Where do the reactions of cellular respiration occur in eukaryotes? (2 points)
18. (8 points)
a. List the macronutrients that plants obtain from soil.
b. When fertilizer is added to the soil which of the macronutrients listed above are found in most commercial fertilizers?
c. How do plants and microorganisms interact to increase the amount of available nitrogen in soil?
d. What is meant by crop rotation?
19. a. Define osmosis. (2 points)
b. What happens when red blood cells are bathed in water? (2 points)
c. What happens when a plant cell is placed in water? (2 points)
20. (8 points)
a. Diagram a pair of guard cells.
b. Where are these cells found?
c. What causes the stoma to open?
d. When do stomates open in most plants?
23. Use diagrams to illustrate how cytokinesis differs between animals and plants. (5 points)
24. a.What are endomycorrhiza (2 points)?
b. How do mycorrhiza affect plants (2 points)?
25. One of Mendel’s pea phenotypes used in his breeding experiments was pod color. Pods could be either green (G), the dominant phenotype or yellow (g) the recessive phenotype. Describe the outcome of a cross between pea plants that are heterozygous (Gg) for green pods. (6 points).
26. Peas produce plants that are purple or white. The purple phenotype (P) is dominant over the recessive white (p). You are given a collection of pea plants all with purple flowers. How would you establish whether the genotype of these plants was homozygous or heterozygous? (6 points)
30. a, What is the nature of the genetic code? (2 points).
b. Which molecules are used to carry the information from the nucleus to the cytoplasm that allow the code to be interpreted? (2 points)
31. How are proteins synthesized in eukaryotic cells. Name the essential components that cooperate in the cytoplasm to bring about protein synthesis (4 points).
6. How did research with viruses in the 1940s and 1950s help to unravel the chemical nature of the genetic material of cells? (5 pts.)
7. a. Why is the concept of base pairing important to our understanding of how genetic information is faithfully transmitted and how the genetic code works? (3 pts.)
b. Which bases pair in DNA? (2 pts.)
c. Which bases pair in RNA? (2 pts.)
8. Where do transcription and translation occur in the eukaryotic cell? (3 pts.)
9. a. Which bio chemical products are formed during the light reactions of photosynthesis? (2 pts.)
b. How are these products used in the dark reactions of photosynthesis? (2 pts.)
11. Where are mycorrhizae found and what functions do they serve? (4 pts.)
14. What is the link between sexual reproduction in angiosperms or gymnosperms and allergies? (4 pts.)
17. What is the Hill Reaction and which cellular process does the Hill Reaction illustrate? (4 pts.)
18. Whereas red blood cells burst when they are immersed in water, cells of plant tissues do not. Why is this? (4 pts.)
19. a. Why is nitrogen fixation important? (2 pts.)
b. Can eukaryotic organisms m fix nitrogen? (1 pt.)
c. Can animals utilize nitrate or ammonia? (1 pt.)
d. How do animals and plants differ in their abilities to make amino acids? (1 pt.)
20. a. Describe an environmental stimulus that can regulate flowering in plants. (1 pt.)
b. Do all plants require this stimulus? Explain your answer. (2 pts.)
1. a. List 5 characteristics that classify something as a living organism.
b. Are viruses classed as living organisms? You must explain your answer.
2. Match the organelles listed below with their known functions from the adjoining list.
Mitochondria a, energy metabolism
Chloroplasts b, location of Rubisco
Vacuoles/Lysosomes c, Cell death
Golgi apparatus d, Intracellular transport of proteins
Spindle apparatus e, Chromosome movement
Endoplasmic reticulum f, Secretory protein synthesis
3. What is meant by the Endosymbiont Hypothesis of eukaryotic cell evolution? Illustrate your answer with a diagram showing how a photosynthetic protist might have evolved.
4.Why did multicellularity arise? Your answer should include reference to the physical laws of nature.
5. Draw a labeled diagram of one chromosome from a diploid (2n) cell at metaphase of Mitosis and at metaphase of Meiosis II.
6. Human cells undergoing mitosis produce 2 daughter cells containing exact copies of the genome and 46 chromosomes. These daughter cells can undergo mitosis and each will produce 2 cells also having 46 chromosomes, and so on. How can this process be explained? You may wish to use a simple diagram to illustrate your answer.
7. Describe the phenotypes and genotypes that arise when pea plants that are homozygous dominant for seed shape and color (round and yellow, RRYY) are crossed with plants carrying homozygous recessive genes for seed shape and color (wrinkled and green, rryy). You must show how you arrived at your conclusion and a drawing would be very helpful.
8. Base pairing is one of the keys to understanding how DNA is replicated and how mRNA is made from DNA. From the DNA sequence shown below, write the nucleotide sequence of a complementary DNA strand and a complementary mRNA.
A. DNA strand: T A G G C T T A C A T G
B. The complementary DNA strand:
C. Sequence of mRNA transcribed from A:
9. How do mRNA, tRNA and ribosomes collaborate to synthesize proteins? Illustrate your answer will a labeled diagram(s).
10. Distinguish between Reproductive Cloning, Molecular Cloning and Vegetative Cloning for plant propagation.
11. What does the Second Law of Thermodynamics state? What are the implications of this law for living organisms?
12. a. Name the Domains of living organisms.
b. List the Kingdoms in which organisms whose cells have nuclei are classified.
13. Explain why fungi and sea urchins are place in two separate kingdoms.
14. Phytoplankton are thought to contribute to more than 50% of photosynthesis in the biosphere. Which group of protists is known to be responsible for photosynthesis in the oceans?
15. What role do fungi play in the uptake of minerals from soil by plants?
16. What are lichens? Draw a typical lichen thallus and label the parts.
17. a. What defines the group of organisms known as plants?
b. Name the two major groups of plants that biologists recognize.
c. Which aspect of Bryophyte reproduction is thought to make these plants poorly adapted to a dry land existence?
18. a. Why are Gametophytes so named?
b. Can these plants make seeds and fruits?
18. How do plants form gametes?
19 a. Where are sperm formed in flowering plants?
b. How does fertilization occur in flowering plants?
c. What is unusual about fertilization in flowering plants?
20. a. Draw a flower and label the parts.
b. Make a detailed drawing of an ovule and label its parts.
21. a. What is a meristem?
b. How does wood arise and which meristem is involved in this process?
c. Which tissues make up the bark of a tree?
d. How does bark differ from cork?
22. a. Using a diagram describe the cell types found in the xylem.
b. What function(s) does the xylem serve?
c. How doe xylem cells differ structurally and functionally from phloem?
23. a. What is the epidermis and where is it found in plants?
b. Describe one specialized type of epidermal cell.
23. Draw a cross section through a dicotyledonous stem that has not begun secondary growth.
24. a. van Helmont grew a sapling for 5 years and watered it frequently. At the beginning of his experiment the plant weighed 5 lbs. and the soil weighed 200 lbs. After 5 years, the soil weighed 199 lbs 14 oz and had lost only 2 oz in weight and the plant weighed 169 lbs. What did he conclude from this experiment?
b. Describe the experiment that Joseph Priestly carried out with candles, mice and plants that gave him fundamental information about photosynthesis (and that van Helmont did not get!).
c. What fundamental aspect of photosynthesis did Priestly not get but that Jan Ingenhousz did?
25. a. What are the products of the light reactions of photosynthesis?
b. Where do they occur in the cell?
c. Name the pigments in plants that are involved in the light reactions.
d. Which wavelengths of light are absorbed by these pigments?
26. a. What was the contribution of Calvin and Benson to our understanding of photosynthesis?
b. What are C4 plants and how do they carry out carbon fixation?
c. Why are C4 plants thought to be more photosynthetically efficient?
27. How are the products of the light reaction of photosynthesis used in the synthesis of sugars?
28. a. Where in cells does glycolysis and the Citric acid cycle occur?
b. What are the products of glycolysis and respiration when glucose is broken down?
c. What is the role of the electron transport chain in cellular respiration and energy production?
29. a. Draw a pair of dicot guard cells labeling the parts.
b. What role(s) do stomates play in regulating gas exchange in plants?
c. How doea abscisic acid affect guard cell function?
30. a. Can animals and plants fix atmospheric nitrogen?
b. Can nitrate or ammonium be incorporated into amino acids by animals?
Marlene Martinez Sample Questions
Give an example of an animal that shows hemimetabolous development. How does this differ from holometabolous development? Diagram each type of development.
What is a gastrula? What does gastrulation produce that is so important in the development of an embryo?
What is the structure of an egg? Explain the process of fertilization.
Explain an example of mutualism. How does mutualism differ from commensalism? What is symbiosis?
Why is a pathogen likely to become less virulent to its host over time? Explain two reasons.
Which is more likely to become less virulent over time: a pathogen transmitted from host-to-host contact or a pathogen transmitted by a mosquito? Why?
What is the role of B cells in the primary immune response?
What is the difference between a specific and a non-specific immune response?
How does HIV suppress the immune system?
Do crabs walk under water? Explain.
What happens to potential and kinetic energy (of the center of mass) as an animal walks? Runs?
Why is walking metabolically less expensive than running (at slow speeds)?
What species concept is most appropriate to use on fossils? On individuals that only reproduce by asexual means?
Give an example where using the Morphological Species Concept versus the Biological Species Concept would give different answers to the question, "Are they the same species?"
How can you get a completely new species in plants in just one generation?
Give an example of non-random mating. How does non-random mating result in evolution?
You have changed over time. Have you evolved? Explain.
What are the four requirements of evolution by natural selection?
Explain how antibiotic-resistant bacteria evolved through natural selection.
Explain directional selection with a good example. Explain stabilizing selection with a good example.
What are the three main causes of the decrease in biodiversity?
Give two concrete ways in which biodiversity directly benefits humans.
Diagram the interactions of urchins, sea otters, abalone and kelp in the Pacific kelp forests. Why is it difficult to rescue both otter and abalone populations simultaneously?
What is the benefit of genetic diversity within a species?
1. Both reef corals and termites have symbioses with protist symbionts. How does reef coral interact with its symbionts (zooxanthellae)? How is this interaction similar to that between a cow and its gut symbionts? Briefly explain the fundamental difference in how these two protists obtain sugar for food.
2. What is the ploidy level of gametes? What is the ploidy level of a zygote? What is the fundamental difference between how plants and most animals produce gametes? What, then must be the ploidy level of the parental tissue that gives rise to the gametes in plants versus in animals?
3. For what purpose is oxygen required in animals? In plants? Why can a plant survive in a bell jar with a burning candle whereas an animal cannot?
4. Given what you know about photosynthesis and respiration, what is a feasible explanation for why talking to plants makes them grow faster?
5. Explain how a penis is similar in function to a pollen tube. Give one way the sperm of animals and the sperm of flowering plants differ.
6. In human reproduction, what performs the same function as the endosperm in a cereal grain?
7. Diagram and label the reproductive organs of a female human (excluding the external genetalia). Where are these organs in relation to the excretory system? (A drawing would help). In what way does this arrangement differ from that of a human male? Could urinating after intercourse help prevent pregnancy in humans?
8. What structures on a terrestrial plant are analogous to the spiracles on an insect?
What is digestion and why are enzymes useful in digestion?
What is the structural difference between cows’ and horses’ guts? What is the functional consequence of having one structure versus the other?
Which is more likely to engage in coprophagy: a hind-gut fermenter or a fore-gut fermenter? Why? What benefit does coprophagy confer?
What is the consequence for people who lack the enzyme lactase?
Match the phylum with the description.
Porifera round worms, many parasites
Cnidaria segmented worms
Platyhelminthes flat worms, many parasites
Nematoda penta-radial symmetry, has water vascular system
Mollusca radial symmetry, two tissue layers
Annelida soft-bodied with shells
Arthropoda cellular grade, no tissues
Echinodermata has notochord, includes vertebrates
Chordata segmented, with stiff exoskeleton
Since respiratory structures rely on diffusion, they all share common structural/morphological features. What are these features?
Diagram and label a counter-current system that might be used in respiration. Diagram and label a con-current system. Which system allows for greater oxygen extraction from the surrounding environment?
What is meant by an open circulatory system? Give an example of an animal that has one.
What characteristics would you expect of an animal that did not have a circulatory system?
In the event of an oil spill, sea otters are in more danger than are seals or dolphins. Why is this?
Why are the fins and flukes of marine mammals potential sites for extensive heat loss?
Diagram a cell that is hyposmotic to its environment. What will happen to the volume and concentration of the cell?
Are mammals osmoregulators or osmoconformers? What does each term mean?
What is the advantage of having a nervous system? Name an organism that does not have a nervous system. Can this organism respond to its environment?
You are nervous about taking the final exam. Your palms sweat and your blood pressure rises. What aspects of the nervous system is responsible for these reactions?
Destruction of myelin from a disease like Polio or Multiple Sclerosis causes paralysis. Why does it cause paralysis?
Describe two forms of asexual reproduction in animals. What is the product of asexual reproduction?
Penis fencing in flatworms is an attempt to be a sperm donor without becoming a sperm acceptor. What about eggs and sperm make this a good evolutionarily strategy for hermaphroditic animals?